Mostrando entradas con la etiqueta Cardiología. Medicina Interna. Mostrar todas las entradas
Mostrando entradas con la etiqueta Cardiología. Medicina Interna. Mostrar todas las entradas

miércoles, 21 de agosto de 2013

Tratamiento con estatinas y control glicémico

Estatinas y control glicémico

Abstract


Objective: 
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) indicate that statin therapy has cardiovascular benefit among patients with type 2 diabetes. Recently, statins were reported to increase risk of diabetes by 9%. The aim was to investigate by a meta-analysis whether statins deteriorate glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes.
Methods: 
Medline, EMBASE and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from 1966 to 2012 were searched for RCTs of statins. Included were only trials with type 2 diabetes. Main outcome measures: The I(2) statistic was used to measure heterogeneity between trials and calculated mean differences for glycaemic parameters with random-effect meta-analysis. Results: 26 eligible studies were identified with 3232 participants. Statin therapy had no remarkable influence on HbA1c (WMD 0.04%, 95% CI -0.08 to 0.16, I² = 45.7%, n = 3070), FPG (2.25 mg/dl, 95% CI -3.50 to 7.99, I² = 46%, n = 1176), BMI, fasting insulin or HOMA-IR. However, subgroup analysis showed significant, detrimental effect of atorvastatin on HbA1c, whereas simvastatin presented an ameliorative effect. Meta-regression presented that neither baseline age nor relative reduction in LDL-cholesterol concentrations accounted for residual heterogeneity.
Conclusion: 
Statin therapy showed non-significant effect on glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes. Statin therapy need not change among them with moderate or high cardiovascular risk or existing cardiovascular disease.

Bibliografía:

martes, 20 de noviembre de 2012

Cómo evaluar un deportista

Entre el 5 y el 7 de octubre de 2012 se desarrolló el XXXVIII Congreso Argentino de Cardiología organizado por la Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología y me parece muy oportuno publicar la exposición del Dr. Roberto Peidró, ya que es muy ilustrativa de lo que debemos de hacer al evaluar a una persona que desea hacer deporte, ya sea de alto nivel o no de alto nivel.


¿Cómo evaluamos y cuándo negamos un apto deportivo?

Dr. Roberto Peidró

“La complejidad en la selección de la mejor manera de evaluar a un deportista en un examen pre-competitivo –señaló el Dr. Roberto Peidró- ha generado largas discusiones en todos los foros nacionales e internacionales. Sólo en el último año se han publicado múltiples opiniones, consensos e investigaciones sobre esta interesante temática. Tales discusiones surgen a partir de dictaminar un costo/beneficio adecuado para los exámenes previstos y del conocimiento de las modificaciones que el entrenamiento sistemático provoca en el corazón del deportista, lo que puede llevar a la detección de variables “confundidoras” en el examen físico, en el electrocardiograma y, aún, en un ecocardiograma o en una resonancia magnética.

Una publicación de 2006 de De Noronna S et al. demostró que el 80% de los casos seguidos (118 atletas que presentaron una Muerte Súbita) no tenía síntomas sugerentes ni historia familiar. “En Estados Unidos de Norteamérica –afirmó el Dr. Peidró- el examen pre-participativo no es obligatorio en jóvenes deportistas competitivos. Se recomienda aplicar el cuestionario diseñado por la AHA y, ante respuestas negativas sobre antecedentes familiares y personales, el deportista es liberado para la práctica de cualquier deporte.” Relató que la Sociedad Europea de Cardiología, por su parte, basada en los estudios realizados en Italia a partir de la aplicación de la ley nacional sobre evaluación pre-competitiva, recomienda la realización de una historia clínica pormenorizada y un electrocardiograma de reposo como exámenes del primer nivel de evaluación.

“La Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología ha adoptado el concepto europeo y recomienda la evaluación a través de un interrogatorio sobre antecedentes, examen físico cardiovascular completo y electrocardiograma de reposo. En grupos especiales creemos que deben realizarse otros estudios en el primer nivel. Tal los casos del ecocardiograma en jóvenes atletas entre 16 y 17 años (probabilidad de expresión fenotípica de miocardiopatía hipertrófica) y de una prueba ergométrica en deportistas mayores de 40 años (o de 35 años si tienen factores de riesgo) ya que la enfermedad coronaria es la causa de muerte súbita más frecuente en este grupo etario.”

Pero sucede que una gran proporción de deportistas compite sin tener un entrenamiento adecuado. Son los deportistas “ocasionalmente competitivos” que podrían tener un riesgo igual o mayor a los primeros. Deberían ser diferenciados de los deportistas “de tiempo libre”, que participan por placer sin estrés físico o mental importantes. Surge la conclusión que un chequeo más completo “sólo” para atletas de alto nivel no parece ser la conducta más apropiada.

Finalmente una situación que requiere una atención diferencial es la del deportista en el que se detectó una cardiopatía. “Creemos –sostuvo el especialista- que el médico no debería prohibir sino aconsejar sobre las formas de incorporarse a las actividades físicas más adecuadas y con menor riesgo para esa persona. La mayor parte de los deportistas con cardiopatía detectada, tratada o no según indicación, puede participar en deportes recreativos, y en muchos casos competitivos, acordes a la situación personal y severidad del hallazgo.”



martes, 10 de enero de 2012

Acerca de la Cirugía Bariátrica

El tratamiento quirúrgico bariátrico reduce los episodios CV, pero los mecanismos siguen siendo un misterio

6 de enero de 2012 Lisa Nainggolan
Artículo publicado en the heart.org

Artículo original en inglés, heartwire; 3 ene. 2012)Gotemburgo, Suecia. Un nuevo análisis del estudio SOS (Swedish Obese Subjects) demostró que el tratamiento quirúrgico bariátrico condujo a una reducción del 30% en la frecuencia de episodios cardiovasculares en pacientes obesos, en comparación con los que recibieron tratamiento habitual, así como una disminución de casi 50% en las muertes de origen cardiovascular, después de casi 15 años de seguimiento[1]. El Dr. Lars Sjöström (Hospital de la Universidad de Sahlgrenska, Gotemburgo, Suecia) y sus colaboradores comunican sus hallazgos en el número del 4 de enero de 2012 de Journal of the American Medical Association.
El Dr. Sjöström dijo a heartwire: «Esto es muy importante pues ningún tratamiento no quirúrgico de la obesidad ha podido disminuir la enfermedad cardiovascular». Añadió: «El tratamiento quirúrgico bariátrico muestra hasta el momento la posibilidad singular de disminuir los episodios cardiovasculares. SOS es el único estudio prospectivo en este campo pero dos estudios retrospectivos en torno al tratamiento quirúrgico bariátrico coinciden con nuestros hallazgos».
El tratamiento quirúrgico bariátrico muestra hasta el momento la posibilidad singular de reducir los episodios cardiovasculares.
Sin embargo, los resultados también muestran que ni el índice de masa corporal (IMC) al inicio — antes de la operación — ni la pérdida de peso después del tratamiento quirúrgico pronosticaban la utilidad del tratamiento quirúrgico por lo que respecta a la disminución de la frecuencia de enfermedades cardiovasculares. No obstante, en el análisis retrospectivo la concentración inicial de insulina se relacionó considerablemente con una futura ventaja cardiovascular de manera que los pacientes con altas concentraciones de insulina tuvieron un pronóstico más favorable.
Sin embargo, puede tardar 10 años desentrañar cuáles criterios específicos pronosticarán mejor en quién será máxima la utilidad del tratamiento quirúrgico bariátrico, dicen el Dr. Sjöström y sus colaboradores.

Los beneficios para la supervivencia son mínimos y el tratamiento quirúrgico no está indicado en obesos sanos
En un editorial concomitante [2], el Dr. Edward H. Livingstone (University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas) observa que «Los beneficios del tratamiento quirúrgico bariátrico no están relacionados con la pérdida de peso, el principal motivo por el cual se llevan a cabo estas operaciones». Y hace notar que si bien hay diferencias significativas en los episodios cardiovasculares y los fallecimientos entre los grupos de pacientes con y sin tratamiento quirúrgico en estos últimos datos del estudio SOS, «la diferencia absoluta entre los grupos fue pequeña».
Observa que analizados en conjunto con los resultados de otros estudios efectuados en el campo, estos hallazgos indican que la posible ventaja más clara del tratamiento quirúrgico de la obesidad -supervivencia más prolongada- «en el mejor de los casos sólo mejora en grado mínimo».
Por tanto, termina diciendo, los pacientes obesos que por lo demás están sanos no se debieran someter a tratamiento quirúrgico bariátrico, pues «las ventajas esperadas en la salud no necesariamente superan los riesgos de las operaciones para bajar de peso».
No obstante, el Dr. Sjöström dice que no está de acuerdo con esta conclusión. Hace notar: «Por ejemplo, en nuestro estudio sobre la mortalidad global, publicado en New England Journal of Medicine en 2007 [3], observamos un efecto muy significativo sobre la mortalidad pese a que se tomó en cuenta la mortalidad postoperatoria (0,25%)».

Es necesario identificar en quiénes es más útil el tratamiento quirúrgico bariátrico
El Dr. Sjöström dijo a heartwire que es clave el hallazgo de que el IMC no pronostica quién obtendrá beneficio cardiovascular con el tratamiento quirúrgico bariátrico, ya que «todas las directrices en torno al tratamiento quirúrgico bariátrico están basadas en el IMC. Consideramos que estas directrices deben modificarse de tal manera que se pueda seleccionar a los pacientes en quienes es más útil». Livingstone está de acuerdo. «El IMC por sí solo no se debiera utilizar como un criterio para el tratamiento de la obesidad o las operaciones bariátricas».
El IMC por sí solo no se debiera utilizar como un criterio para el tratamiento de la obesidad o las operaciones bariátricas.
Lo que parece tener importancia central, dice el Dr. Sjöström, es si los pacientes se han de operar o no. Señala: «La falta de relaciones significativas entre el cambio de peso y la reducción del riesgo en el grupo con tratamiento quirúrgico podría ser un problema de potencia estadística. Como alternativa, los cambios en otros factores además del peso corporal son más importantes para la reducción del riesgo cardiovascular. Sería muy importante comprender tales mecanismos pues podría ser factible simularlos con métodos no quirúrgicos.
Es tiempo de que el NIH valore la evidencia científica disponible y proporcione recomendaciones actualizadas para los procedimientos bariátricos en el tratamiento de la obesidad.
El Dr. Livingstone dijo a heartwire que considera que las personas obesas debieran valorarse si tienen una complicación grave establecida, por ejemplo, diabetes, hipertensión grave o apnea del sueño obstructiva o si son pacientes con artrosis que necesitan una artroplastia.
Y recomienda una revaloración científica de los factores implícitos. Recomienda: «Es tiempo que el US National Institutes of Health [NIH] convoque a otro comité de expertos para valorar en forma rigurosa la evidencia científica disponible y proporcione recomendaciones actualizadas para los procedimientos bariátricos en el tratamiento de la obesidad».

La identificación de subgrupos específicos que se beneficien del tratamiento quirúrgico puede tardar 10 años
En su artículo, Sjöström et al describen sus últimos hallazgos en el estudio SOS, basándose en 2010 pacientes obesos que fueron sometidos a procedimientos de cirugía bariátrica y 2037 individuos de control equiparados durante el mismo periodo que recibieron tratamiento habitual, hasta finales de diciembre de 2009, con una mediana de seguimiento de 14,7 años. Los participantes tenían entre 37 y 60 años de edad y debían tener un IMC mínimo de 34 en el caso de los hombres y de un mínimo de 38 en las mujeres. En los que se sometieron a tratamiento quirúrgico se llevó a cabo derivación gástrica (13,7%), cerclaje con banda (18,7%) o gastroplastia con banda vertical (68,1%).
El criterio principal de valoración del estudio SOS — mortalidad total — se redujo significativamente entre los que se sometieron a tratamiento quirúrgico bariátrico, según se comunicó con anterioridad. Los episodios de infarto de miocardio y accidente cerebrovascular se definieron de antemano como criterios secundarios de valoración y se valoraron por separado y en forma combinada.
Los procedimientos de cirugía bariátrica se relacionaron con un menor número de muertes de origen cardiovascular (28 en el grupo con tratamiento quirúrgico frente a 49 en el grupo de control; cociente de riesgos instantáneos ajustado (0,47; p = 0,002). El número de episodios cardiovasculares mortales o no mortales iniciales en total — IM o accidente cerebrovascular, lo que ocurriese primero — también fue más bajo en el grupo que se sometió a tratamiento quirúrgico (199 episodios frente a 234; cociente de riesgos instantáneos ajustado; 0,67; p < 0,001).
Los investigadores señalan que «Las operaciones bariátricas evitan los episodios cardiovasculares». Hacen notar que estos últimos resultados, «así como las relaciones entre las operaciones bariátricas y los resultados favorables comunicados con anterioridad -en relación con los cambios en el peso corporal a largo plazo, factores de riesgo cardiovascular, calidad de vida, diabetes, cáncer y mortalidad-demuestran que los procedimientos de cirugía bariátrica conllevan múltiples ventajas, algunas de las cuales son independientes del grado de reducción de peso logrado por el tratamiento quirúrgico».
No obstante, afirman que es prematuro tomar decisiones clínicas basadas en su análisis retrospectivo -p. ej., el hallazgo de que la insulina inicial sea un factor pronóstico de quién obtendrá el máximo beneficio cardiovascular de la operación bariátrica. Tales efectos del tratamiento precisarán confirmación en estudios prospectivos comparativos realizados en subgrupos con alto riesgo especificados al inicio y esto puede tardar «un mínimo de 10 años».
Mientras tanto, las decisiones clínicas «se deben basar en la mejor evidencia científica disponible».

Sjöström refiere haber recibido becas irrestrictas de Sanofi-Aventis y Johnson & Johnson para el estudio SOS; recibir honorarios por conferencias y asesoría de AstraZeneca, Biovitrium, Bristol-Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, Johnson & Johnson, Lenimen, Merck, Novo Nordisk, Hoffman LaRoche, Sanofi-Aventis y Servier; y ser propietario de acciones en Lenimen y presidente de su Junta de Consejo. Las declaraciones de conflicto de intereses de los coautores se enumeran en el artículo original. Livingstone refiere no tener ningún conflicto de interés económico pertinente.

Referencias
  1. Sjöström L, Peltonen M, Jacobs P, et al. Bariatric surgery and long-term cardiovascular events. JAMA 2012; 307:56-65.
  2. Livingstone EH. Inadequacy of IMC as an indicator for bariatric surgery. JAMA 2012; 307: 88-89.
  3. Sjöström L, Narbro K, Sjöström CD, et al. Swedish Obese Subjects Study. Effects of bariatric surgery on mortality in Swedish obese subjects. N Engl J Med 2007; 357:741-752.
Mi comentario: creo que acerca de la cirugía Bariátrica nos falta conocer más, sin embargo las evidencias de este estudio nos permiten tomar deciciones más concretas acerca de los pacients a los que en principio debemos de ofrecer estas técnicas para la redcucción de peso.

miércoles, 7 de diciembre de 2011

Guías NICE de hipertensión arterial

Me ha parecido muy importante la publicación de éstas guías, no sólo porque están muy actualizadas, sino porque tiene unos detalles que les comentaré al final de la lectura de las mismas



Issue date: August 2011
NICE clinical guideline 127


Clinical management of primary hypertension in adults 

This guideline partially updates and
replaces NICE clinical guideline 34
 NICE clinical guideline 127
Hypertension: clinical management of primary hypertension in adults
Ordering information
You can download the following documents from
www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG127 
•  The NICE guideline (this document) – all the recommendations. 
•  A quick reference guide – a summary of the recommendations for
healthcare professionals.
•   ‘Understanding NICE guidance’ – a summary for patients and carers.
•  The full guideline – all the recommendations, details of how they were
developed, and reviews of the evidence they were based on.
For printed copies of the quick reference guide or ‘Understanding NICE
guidance’, phone NICE publications on 0845 003 7783 or email
publications@nice.org.uk and quote:
N2636 (quick reference guide)
N2637 (‘Understanding NICE guidance’).

NICE clinical guidelines are recommendations about the treatment and care of
people with specific diseases and conditions in the NHS in England and
Wales.
This guidance represents the view of NICE, which was arrived at after careful
consideration of the evidence available. Healthcare professionals are
expected to take it fully into account when exercising their clinical judgement.
However, the guidance does not override the individual responsibility of
healthcare professionals to make decisions appropriate to the circumstances
of the individual patient, in consultation with the patient and/or guardian or
carer, and informed by the summary of product characteristics of any drugs
they are considering.
Implementation of this guidance is the responsibility of local commissioners
and/or providers. Commissioners and providers are reminded that it is their
responsibility to implement the guidance, in their local context, in light of their
duties to avoid unlawful discrimination and to have regard to promoting
equality of opportunity. Nothing in this guidance should be interpreted in a way
that would be inconsistent with compliance with those duties.
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
MidCity Place
71 High Holborn
London WC1V 6NA
http://www.nice.org.uk/
© National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 2011. All rights reserved. This material
may be freely reproduced for educational and not-for-profit purposes. No reproduction by or
for commercial organisations, or for commercial purposes, is allowed without the express
written permission of NICE. 


Contents
Introduction ........................................................................................................... 5
Person-centred care ............................................................................................. 6
Key priorities for implementation ........................................................................... 7
1  Guidance ......................................................................................................10
1.1  Measuring blood pressure ......................................................................10
1.2  Diagnosing hypertension ........................................................................11
1.3  Assessing cardiovascular risk and target organ damage ........................14
1.4  Lifestyle interventions .............................................................................15
1.5  Initiating and monitoring antihypertensive drug treatment, including
blood pressure targets ......................................................................................16
1.6  Choosing antihypertensive drug treatment .............................................17
1.7  Patient education and adherence to treatment .......................................20
2  Notes on the scope of the guidance .............................................................21
3  Implementation .............................................................................................22
4  Research recommendations .........................................................................23
4.1  Out-of-office monitoring ..........................................................................23
4.2  Intervention thresholds for people aged under 40 with hypertension ......23
4.3  Methods of assessing lifetime CV risk in people aged under 40 years
with hypertension .............................................................................................24
4.4  Optimal systolic blood pressure ..............................................................24
4.5  Step 4 antihypertensive treatment ..........................................................25
4.6  Automated blood pressure monitoring in people with atrial fibrillation ....25
5  Other versions of this guideline .....................................................................25
6  Related NICE guidance ................................................................................26
7  Updating the guideline ..................................................................................27
Appendix A: The Guideline Development Groups, National Collaborating
Centres and NICE project team ...........................................................................28
Appendix B: The Guideline Review Panels ..........................................................33
Appendix C: The algorithms .................................................................................35



NHS Evidence has accredited the process used by the Centre for Clinical Practice at
NICE to produce guidelines. Accreditation is valid for 3 years from April 2010 and is
applicable to guidance produced using the processes described in NICE’s ‘The
guidelines manual’ (2009). More information on accreditation can be viewed at
http://www.evidence.nhs.uk/


NICE clinical guideline 127 – Hypertension  4

This guidance updates and replaces NICE clinical guideline 34 (published in
2006). NICE clinical guideline 34 updated and replaced NICE clinical
guideline 18 (published in 2004). 
The original 2004 guideline was developed by the Newcastle Guideline
Development and Research Unit. The guideline was updated by the National
Clinical Guideline Centre (NCGC) (formerly the National Collaborating Centre
for Chronic Conditions [NCC-CC]) in collaboration with the British
Hypertension Society (BHS) in 2006 and 2011. 
Recommendations are marked as [2004], [2004, amended 2011], [2006],
[2008], [2009], [2010] or [new 2011]. 
  [2004] indicates that the evidence has not been updated and reviewed
since 2004
  [2004, amended 2011] indicates that the evidence has not been updated
and reviewed since 2004 but a small amendment has been made to the
recommendation
  [2006] indicates that the evidence has not been updated and reviewed
since 2006
  [2008] applies to recommendations from ‘Lipid modification’ (NICE clinical
guideline 67), published in 2008
  [2009] applies to recommendations from ‘Medicines adherence’ (NICE
clinical guideline 76), published in 2009
  [2010] applies to recommendations from ‘Hypertension in pregnancy’
(NICE clinical guideline 107), published in 2010
  [new 2011] indicates that the evidence has been reviewed and the
recommendation has been updated or added.

NICE clinical guideline 127 – Hypertension  5
Introduction 
High blood pressure (hypertension) is one of the most important preventable
causes of premature morbidity and mortality in the UK. Hypertension is a
major risk factor for ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke, myocardial infarction,
heart failure, chronic kidney disease, cognitive decline and premature death.
Untreated hypertension is usually associated with a progressive rise in blood
pressure. The vascular and renal damage that this may cause can culminate
in a treatment-resistant state.  
Blood pressure is normally distributed in the population and there is no natural
cut-off point above which 'hypertension' definitively exists and below which it
does not. The risk associated with increasing blood pressure is continuous,
with each 2 mmHg rise in systolic blood pressure associated with a 7%
increased risk of mortality from ischaemic heart disease and a 10% increased
risk of mortality from stroke. Hypertension is remarkably common in the UK
and the prevalence is strongly influenced by age. In any individual person,
systolic and/or diastolic blood pressures may be elevated. Diastolic pressure
is more commonly elevated in people younger than 50. With ageing, systolic
hypertension becomes a more significant problem, as a result of progressive
stiffening and loss of compliance of larger arteries. At least one quarter of
adults (and more than half of those older than 60) have high blood pressure. 
The clinical management of hypertension is one of the most common
interventions in primary care, accounting for approximately £1 billion in drug
costs alone in 2006.
The guideline will assume that prescribers will use a drug’s summary of
product characteristics to inform decisions made with individual patients. 
This guideline recommends drugs for indications for which they do not have a
UK marketing authorisation at the date of publication, if there is good evidence
to support that use. Where recommendations have been made for the use of
drugs outside their licensed indications (‘off-label use’), these drugs are
marked with a footnote in the recommendations.

NICE clinical guideline 127 – Hypertension  6

Person-centred care This guideline offers best practice advice on the care of adults with
hypertension. 
Treatment and care should take into account people’s needs and preferences.
People with hypertension should have the opportunity to make informed
decisions about their care and treatment, in partnership with their healthcare
professionals. If people do not have the capacity to make decisions,
healthcare professionals should follow the Department of Health’s advice on
consent (available from www.dh.gov.uk/en/DH_103643) and the code of
practice that accompanies the Mental Capacity Act (summary available from
www.dh.gov.uk/en/SocialCare/Deliveringsocialcare/MentalCapacity). In
Wales, healthcare professionals should follow advice on consent from the
Welsh Government (available from www.wales.nhs.uk/consent).
Good communication between healthcare professionals and people with
hypertension is essential. It should be supported by evidence-based written
information tailored to the person’s needs. Treatment and care, and the
information people are given about it, should be culturally appropriate. It
should also be accessible to people with additional needs such as physical,
sensory or learning disabilities, and to people who do not speak or read
English.
If the person agrees, families and carers should have the opportunity to be
involved in decisions about treatment and care.
Families and carers should also be given the information and support 
they need. 
 NICE clinical guideline 127 – Hypertension  7

Key priorities for implementation
The following recommendations have been identified as priorities for
implementation.

Diagnosing hypertension
  If the clinic blood pressure is 140/90 mmHg or higher, offer ambulatory
blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) to confirm the diagnosis of
hypertension. [new 2011] 
  When using ABPM to confirm a diagnosis of hypertension, ensure that at
least two measurements per hour are taken during the person’s usual
waking hours (for example, between 08:00 and 22:00).
Use the average value of at least 14 measurements taken during the
person’s usual waking hours to confirm a diagnosis of hypertension.
[new 2011]
  When using home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) to confirm a
diagnosis of hypertension, ensure that:
  for each blood pressure recording, two consecutive measurements are
taken, at least 1 minute apart and with the person seated and
  blood pressure is recorded twice daily, ideally in the morning and
evening and
  blood pressure recording continues for at least 4 days, ideally for 7 days.
Discard the measurements taken on the first day and use the average
value of all the remaining measurements to confirm a diagnosis of
hypertension. [new 2011] 

NICE clinical guideline 127 – Hypertension  8

Initiating and monitoring antihypertensive drug treatment, including
blood pressure targets

Initiating treatment

  Offer antihypertensive drug treatment to people aged under 80 years with
stage 1 hypertension who have one or more of the following:
  target organ damage 
  established cardiovascular disease 
  renal disease 
  diabetes 
  a 10-year cardiovascular risk equivalent to 20% or greater. [new 2011] 
  Offer antihypertensive drug treatment to people of any age with stage 2
hypertension. [new 2011] 
  For people aged under 40 years with stage 1 hypertension and no
evidence of target organ damage, cardiovascular disease, renal disease or
diabetes, consider seeking specialist evaluation of secondary causes of
hypertension and a more detailed assessment of potential target organ
damage. This is because 10-year cardiovascular risk assessments can
underestimate the lifetime risk of cardiovascular events in these people.
[new 2011]

Monitoring treatment and blood pressure targets

  For people identified as having a ‘white-coat effect’1, consider ABPM or
HBPM as an adjunct to clinic blood pressure measurements to monitor the
response to antihypertensive treatment with lifestyle modification or drugs.
[new 2011]

Choosing antihypertensive drug treatment

  Offer people aged 80 years and over the same antihypertensive drug
treatment as people aged 55–80 years, taking into account any
comorbidities. [new 2011] 
                                                
1 A discrepancy of more than 20/10 mmHg between clinic and average daytime ABPM or
average HBPM blood pressure measurements at the time of diagnosis.

NICE clinical guideline 127 – Hypertension  9

Step 1 treatment

  Offer step 1 antihypertensive treatment with a calcium-channel blocker
(CCB) to people aged over 55 years and to black people of African or
Caribbean family origin of any age. If a CCB is not suitable, for example
because of oedema or intolerance, or if there is evidence of heart failure or
a high risk of heart failure, offer a thiazide-like diuretic. [new 2011] 
  If diuretic treatment is to be initiated or changed, offer a thiazide-like
diuretic, such as chlortalidone (12.5–25.0 mg once daily) or indapamide
(1.5 mg modified-release or 2.5 mg once daily) in preference to a
conventional thiazide diuretic such as bendroflumethiazide or
hydrochlorothiazide. [new 2011] 
  For people who are already having treatment with bendroflumethiazide or
hydrochlorothiazide and whose blood pressure is stable and well
controlled, continue treatment with the bendroflumethiazide or
hydrochlorothiazide. [new 2011]
 
Step 4 treatment
  For treatment of resistant hypertension at step 4: 
  Consider further diuretic therapy with low-dose spironolactone (25 mg
once daily)2 if the blood potassium level is 4.5 mmol/l or lower. Use
particular caution in people with a reduced estimated glomerular filtration
rate because they have an increased risk of hyperkalaemia. 
  Consider higher-dose thiazide-like diuretic treatment if the blood
potassium level is higher than 4.5 mmol/l. [new 2011] 


                                                
2
 At the time of publication (August 2011), spironolactone did not have UK marketing
authorisation for this indication. Informed consent should be obtained and documented.


NICE clinical guideline 127 – Hypertension  10

1  Guidance
The following guidance is based on the best available evidence. The full
guideline (www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG127) gives details of the methods
and the evidence used to develop the guidance.

Definitions
In this guideline the following definitions are used.

  Stage 1 hypertension Clinic blood pressure is 140/90 mmHg or higher
and subsequent ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) daytime
average or home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) average blood
pressure is 135/85 mmHg or higher.
  Stage 2 hypertension Clinic blood pressure is 160/100 mmHg or higher
and subsequent ABPM daytime average or HBPM average blood pressure
is 150/95 mmHg or higher.
  Severe hypertension Clinic systolic blood pressure is 180 mmHg or higher
or clinic diastolic blood pressure is 110 mmHg or higher.

1.1  Measuring blood pressure
1.1.1  Healthcare professionals taking blood pressure measurements
need adequate initial training and periodic review of their
performance. [2004]
1.1.2  Because automated devices may not measure blood pressure
accurately if there is pulse irregularity (for example, due to atrial
fibrillation), palpate the radial or brachial pulse before measuring
blood pressure. If pulse irregularity is present, measure blood
pressure manually using direct auscultation over the brachial
artery. [new 2011]
1.1.3  Healthcare providers must ensure that devices for measuring blood
pressure are properly validated, maintained and regularly
recalibrated according to manufacturers’ instructions. [2004]

NICE clinical guideline 127 – Hypertension  11
1.1.4  When measuring blood pressure in the clinic or in the home,
standardise the environment and provide a relaxed, temperate
setting, with the person quiet and seated, and their arm
outstretched and supported. [new 2011]
1.1.5  If using an automated blood pressure monitoring device, ensure
that the device is validated3 and an appropriate cuff size for the
person’s arm is used. [new 2011]
1.1.6  In people with symptoms of postural hypotension (falls or postural
dizziness):
  measure blood pressure with the person either supine or seated
  measure blood pressure again with the person standing for at
least 1 minute prior to measurement. [2004, amended 2011]
1.1.7  If the systolic blood pressure falls by 20 mmHg or more when the
person is standing:
  review medication
  measure subsequent blood pressures with the person standing
  consider referral to specialist care if symptoms of postural
hypotension persist. [2004, amended 2011]

1.2  Diagnosing hypertension
1.2.1  When considering a diagnosis of hypertension, measure blood
pressure in both arms.
  If the difference in readings between arms is more than
20 mmHg, repeat the measurements.
  If the difference in readings between arms remains more than
20 mmHg on the second measurement, measure subsequent
blood pressures in the arm with the higher reading. [new 2011]
                                                
3 A list of validated blood pressure monitoring devices is available on the British Hypertension
Society’s website (see http://www.bhsoc.org/). The British Hypertension Society is an independent
reviewer of published work. This does not imply any endorsement by NICE. 
 NICE clinical guideline 127 – Hypertension  12

1.2.2  If blood pressure measured in the clinic is 140/90 mmHg or higher:
  Take a second measurement during the consultation. 
  If the second measurement is substantially different from the
first, take a third measurement.
Record the lower of the last two measurements as the clinic blood
pressure. [new 2011]
1.2.3  If the clinic blood pressure is 140/90 mmHg or higher, offer
ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) to confirm the
diagnosis of hypertension. [new 2011]
1.2.4  If a person is unable to tolerate ABPM, home blood pressure
monitoring (HBPM) is a suitable alternative to confirm the diagnosis
of hypertension. [new 2011]
1.2.5  If the person has severe hypertension, consider starting
antihypertensive drug treatment immediately, without waiting for the
results of ABPM or HBPM. [new 2011]
1.2.6  While waiting for confirmation of a diagnosis of hypertension, carry
out investigations for target organ damage (such as left ventricular
hypertrophy, chronic kidney disease and hypertensive retinopathy)
(see recommendation 1.3.3) and a formal assessment of
cardiovascular risk using a cardiovascular risk assessment tool
(see recommendation 1.3.2). [new 2011]
1.2.7  If hypertension is not diagnosed but there is evidence of target
organ damage such as left ventricular hypertrophy, albuminuria or
proteinuria, consider carrying out investigations for alternative
causes of the target organ damage. [new 2011]
1.2.8  If hypertension is not diagnosed, measure the person’s clinic blood
pressure at least every 5 years subsequently, and consider
measuring it more frequently if the person’s clinic blood pressure is
close to 140/90 mmHg. [new 2011]
 NICE clinical guideline 127 – Hypertension  13

1.2.9  When using ABPM to confirm a diagnosis of hypertension, ensure
that at least two measurements per hour are taken during the
person’s usual waking hours (for example, between 08:00 and
22:00).Use the average value of at least 14 measurements taken
during the person’s usual waking hours to confirm a diagnosis of
hypertension. [new 2011]
1.2.10  When using HBPM to confirm a diagnosis of hypertension, ensure
that:
  for each blood pressure recording, two consecutive
measurements are taken, at least 1 minute apart and with the
person seated and 
  blood pressure is recorded twice daily, ideally in the morning and
evening and
  blood pressure recording continues for at least 4 days, ideally for
7 days.
Discard the measurements taken on the first day and use the
average value of all the remaining measurements to confirm a
diagnosis of hypertension. [new 2011]
1.2.11  Refer the person to specialist care the same day if they have:
  accelerated hypertension, that is, blood pressure usually higher
than 180/110 mmHg with signs of papilloedema and/or retinal
haemorrhage or
  suspected phaeochromocytoma (labile or postural hypotension,
headache, palpitations, pallor and diaphoresis). [2004,
amended 2011]
1.2.12  Consider the need for specialist investigations in people with signs
and symptoms suggesting a secondary cause of hypertension.
[2004, amended 2011] 
 NICE clinical guideline 127 – Hypertension  14

1.3  Assessing cardiovascular risk and target organ
damage
For NICE guidance on the early identification and management of 
chronic kidney disease see 'Chronic kidney disease' (NICE clinical
guideline 73, 2008).   
1.3.1  Use a formal estimation of cardiovascular risk to discuss prognosis
and healthcare options with people with hypertension, both for
raised blood pressure and other modifiable risk factors. [2004]
1.3.2  Estimate cardiovascular risk in line with the recommendations on
Identification and assessment of CVD risk in ‘Lipid modification’
(NICE clinical guideline 67)4. [2008]
1.3.3  For all people with hypertension offer to:
  test for the presence of protein in the urine by sending a urine
sample for estimation of the albumin:creatinine ratio and test for
haematuria using a reagent strip
  take a blood sample to measure plasma glucose, electrolytes,
creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate, serum total
cholesterol and HDL cholesterol 
  examine the fundi for the presence of hypertensive retinopathy
  arrange for a 12-lead electrocardiograph to be performed.
[2004, amended 2011]
                                                
4Clinic blood pressure measurements must be used in the calculation of cardiovascular risk.
 NICE clinical guideline 127 – Hypertension  15

1.4  Lifestyle interventions
For NICE guidance on the prevention of obesity and cardiovascular 
disease see 'Obesity' (NICE clinical guideline 43, 2006) and 'Prevention of
cardiovascular disease at population level' (NICE public health
guidance 25, 2010).
1.4.1  Lifestyle advice should be offered initially and then periodically to
people undergoing assessment or treatment for hypertension.
[2004]
1.4.2  Ascertain people’s diet and exercise patterns because a healthy
diet and regular exercise can reduce blood pressure. Offer
appropriate guidance and written or audiovisual materials to
promote lifestyle changes. [2004]
1.4.3  Relaxation therapies can reduce blood pressure and people may
wish to pursue these as part of their treatment. However, routine
provision by primary care teams is not currently recommended.
[2004]
1.4.4  Ascertain people’s alcohol consumption and encourage a reduced
intake if they drink excessively, because this can reduce blood
pressure and has broader health benefits. [2004]
1.4.5  Discourage excessive consumption of coffee and other caffeine-rich products. [2004]
1.4.6  Encourage people to keep their dietary sodium intake low, 
either by reducing or substituting sodium salt, as this can reduce
blood pressure. [2004] 
1.4.7  Do not offer calcium, magnesium or potassium supplements as a
method for reducing blood pressure. [2004]
1.4.8  Offer advice and help to smokers to stop smoking. [2004] 

NICE clinical guideline 127 – Hypertension  16
1.4.9  A common aspect of studies for motivating lifestyle change is the
use of group working. Inform people about local initiatives by, for
example, healthcare teams or patient organisations that provide
support and promote healthy lifestyle change. [2004]
1.5  Initiating and monitoring antihypertensive drug  treatment, including blood pressure targets
Initiating treatment
1.5.1  Offer antihypertensive drug treatment to people aged under
80 years with stage 1 hypertension who have one or more of 
the following:
  target organ damage 
  established cardiovascular disease 
  renal disease 
  diabetes 
  a 10-year cardiovascular risk equivalent to 20% or greater. 
[new 2011]
1.5.2  Offer antihypertensive drug treatment to people of any age with
stage 2 hypertension. [new 2011]
1.5.3  For people aged under 40 years with stage 1 hypertension and no
evidence of target organ damage, cardiovascular disease, renal
disease or diabetes, consider seeking specialist evaluation of
secondary causes of hypertension and a more detailed assessment
of potential target organ damage. This is because 10-year
cardiovascular risk assessments can underestimate the lifetime risk
of cardiovascular events in these people. [new 2011]
Monitoring treatment and blood pressure targets
1.5.4  Use clinic blood pressure measurements to monitor the response
to antihypertensive treatment with lifestyle modifications or drugs.
[new 2011]
 NICE clinical guideline 127 – Hypertension  17

1.5.5  Aim for a target clinic blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg in
people aged under 80 years with treated hypertension. [new 2011]
1.5.6  Aim for a target clinic blood pressure below 150/90 mmHg in
people aged 80 years and over, with treated hypertension. [new
2011]
1.5.7  For people identified as having a ‘white-coat effect’5, consider
ABPM or HBPM as an adjunct to clinic blood pressure
measurements to monitor the response to antihypertensive
treatment with lifestyle modification or drugs. [new 2011]
1.5.8  When using ABPM or HBPM to monitor the response to treatment
(for example, in people identified as having a ‘white-coat effect’5
and people who choose to monitor their blood pressure at home),
aim for a target average blood pressure during the person’s usual
waking hours of:
  below 135/85 mmHg for people aged under 80 years
  below 145/85 mmHg for people aged 80 years and over.
[new 2011]
1.6  Choosing antihypertensive drug treatment

1.6.1  Where possible, recommend treatment with drugs taken only once
a day. [2004]
1.6.2  Prescribe non-proprietary drugs where these are appropriate and
minimise cost. [2004]
1.6.3  Offer people with isolated systolic hypertension (systolic blood
pressure 160 mmHg or more) the same treatment as people with
both raised systolic and diastolic blood pressure. [2004]
                                                
5 A discrepancy of more than 20/10 mmHg between clinic and average daytime ABPM or average HBPM blood pressure measurements at the time of diagnosis.
 NICE clinical guideline 127 – Hypertension  18

1.6.4  Offer people aged 80 years and over the same antihypertensive
drug treatment as people aged 55–80 years, taking into account
any comorbidities. [new 2011]
1.6.5  Offer antihypertensive drug treatment to women of child-bearing
potential in line with the recommendations on Management of
pregnancy with chronic hypertension and Breastfeeding in
‘Hypertension in pregnancy’ (NICE clinical guideline 107). [2010]
Step 1 treatment 
1.6.6  Offer people aged under 55 years step 1 antihypertensive
treatment with an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or
a low-cost angiotensin-II receptor blocker (ARB). If an ACE inhibitor
is prescribed and is not tolerated (for example, because of cough),
offer a low-cost ARB. [new 2011]
1.6.7  Do not combine an ACE inhibitor with an ARB to treat
hypertension. [new 2011]
1.6.8  Offer step 1 antihypertensive treatment with a calcium-channel
blocker (CCB) to people aged over 55 years and to black people of
African or Caribbean family origin of any age. If a CCB is not
suitable, for example because of oedema or intolerance, or if there
is evidence of heart failure or a high risk of heart failure, offer a
thiazide-like diuretic. [new 2011]
1.6.9  If diuretic treatment is to be initiated or changed, offer a
thiazide-like diuretic, such as chlortalidone (12.5–25.0 mg once
daily) or indapamide (1.5 mg modified-release once daily or 2.5 mg
once daily) in preference to a conventional thiazide diuretic such as
bendroflumethiazide or hydrochlorothiazide. [new 2011]
1.6.10  For people who are already having treatment with
bendroflumethiazide or hydrochlorothiazide and whose blood
pressure is stable and well controlled, continue treatment with the
bendroflumethiazide or hydrochlorothiazide. [new 2011]
 NICE clinical guideline 127 – Hypertension  19


1.6.11  Beta-blockers are not a preferred initial therapy for hypertension.
However, beta-blockers may be considered in younger people,
particularly:
  those with an intolerance or contraindication to ACE inhibitors
and angiotensin II receptor antagonists or
  women of child-bearing potential or
  people with evidence of increased sympathetic drive. [2006]
1.6.12  If therapy is initiated with a beta-blocker and a second drug is
required, add a calcium-channel blocker rather than a thiazide-like
diuretic to reduce the person’s risk of developing diabetes. [2006]

Step 2 treatment
1.6.13  If blood pressure is not controlled by step 1 treatment, offer step 2
treatment with a CCB in combination with either an ACE inhibitor or
an ARB6. [new 2011]
1.6.14  If a CCB is not suitable for step 2 treatment, for example because
of oedema or intolerance, or if there is evidence of heart failure or a
high risk of heart failure, offer a thiazide-like diuretic. [new 2011]
1.6.15  For black people of African or Caribbean family origin, consider an
ARB6 in preference to an ACE inhibitor, in combination with a CCB.
[new 2011]
Step 3 treatment
1.6.16  Before considering step 3 treatment, review medication to ensure
step 2 treatment is at optimal or best tolerated doses. [new 2011]
1.6.17  If treatment with three drugs is required, the combination of ACE
inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker, calcium-channel blocker
and thiazide-like diuretic should be used. [2006]
                                                
6 Choose a low-cost ARB.
 NICE clinical guideline 127 – Hypertension  20

Step 4 treatment
1.6.18  Regard clinic blood pressure that remains higher than
140/90 mmHg after treatment with the optimal or best tolerated
doses of an ACE inhibitor or an ARB plus a CCB plus a diuretic as
resistant hypertension, and consider adding a fourth
antihypertensive drug and/or seeking expert advice. [new 2011]
1.6.19  For treatment of resistant hypertension at step 4:
  Consider further diuretic therapy with low-dose spironolactone
(25 mg once daily)7 if the blood potassium level is 4.5 mmol/l or
lower. Use particular caution in people with a reduced estimated
glomerular filtration rate because they have an increased risk of
hyperkalaemia.
  Consider higher-dose thiazide-like diuretic treatment if the blood
potassium level is higher than 4.5 mmol/l. [new 2011]
1.6.20  When using further diuretic therapy for resistant hypertension at
step 4, monitor blood sodium and potassium and renal function
within 1 month and repeat as required thereafter. [new 2011]
1.6.21  If further diuretic therapy for resistant hypertension at step 4 is not
tolerated, or is contraindicated or ineffective, consider an alpha- or
beta-blocker. [new 2011]
1.6.22  If blood pressure remains uncontrolled with the optimal or
maximum tolerated doses of four drugs, seek expert advice if it has
not yet been obtained. [new 2011]
1.7  Patient education and adherence to treatment
1.7.1  Provide appropriate guidance and materials about the benefits of
drugs and the unwanted side effects sometimes experienced in
order to help people make informed choices. [2004]
                                                
7 At the time of publication (August 2011), spironolactone did not have UK marketing  authorisation for this indication. Informed consent should be obtained and documented.
NICE clinical guideline 127 – Hypertension  21
1.7.2  People vary in their attitudes to their hypertension and their
experience of treatment. It may be helpful to provide details of
patient organisations that provide useful forums to share views and
information. [2004]
1.7.3  Provide an annual review of care to monitor blood pressure,
provide people with support and discuss their lifestyle, symptoms
and medication. [2004]
1.7.4  Because evidence supporting interventions to increase adherence
is inconclusive, only use interventions to overcome practical
problems associated with non-adherence if a specific need is
identified. Target the intervention to the need. Interventions might
include:
  suggesting that patients record their medicine-taking
  encouraging patients to monitor their condition
  simplifying the dosing regimen
  using alternative packaging for the medicine
  using a multi-compartment medicines system. 
(This recommendation is taken from ‘Medicines adherence’ [NICE
clinical guideline 76].) [2009]
2  Notes on the scope of the guidance

NICE guidelines are developed in accordance with a scope that defines what
the guideline will and will not cover. The scope of this guideline is available
from www.nice.org.uk/CG127

Groups that will be covered
  Adults with hypertension (18 years and older). Particular consideration will
be given to the needs of black people of African and Caribbean family
origin and minority ethnic groups where these differ from the needs of the
general population.
  People aged 80 years or older.

NICE clinical guideline 127 – Hypertension  22

Groups that will not be covered
  People with diabetes.
  Children and young people (younger than 18 years).
  Pregnant women.
  Secondary causes of hypertension (for example, Conn's adenoma,
phaeochromocytoma and renovascular hypertension).
  People with accelerated hypertension (that is, severe acute hypertension
associated grade III retinopathy and encephalopathy).
  People with acute hypertension or high blood pressure in emergency care
settings.

How this guideline was developed
NICE commissioned the National Clinical Guideline Centre to update this
guideline. The Centre established a Guideline Development Group (see
appendix A), which reviewed the evidence and updated the
recommendations. An independent Guideline Review Panel oversaw the
updating of the guideline (see appendix B).
There is more information about how NICE clinical guidelines are developed
on the NICE website (www.nice.org.uk/HowWeWork). A booklet, ‘How NICE clinical guidelines are developed: an overview for stakeholders, the public  and the NHS’ (fourth edition, published 2009), is available from NICE  publications (phone 0845 003 7783 or email publications@nice.org.uk and
quote reference N1739).
3  Implementation 
NICE has developed tools to help organisations implement this guidance (see
www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG127). 

NICE clinical guideline 127 – Hypertension  23
4  Research recommendations

The Guideline Development Group has made the following recommendations
for research, based on its review of evidence, to improve NICE guidance and
patient care in the future. 
4.1  Out-of-office monitoring
In adults with primary hypertension, does the use of out-of-office monitoring
(HBPM or ABPM) improve response to treatment?
Why this is important
There is likely to be increasing use of HBPM and for the diagnosis of
hypertension as a consequence of this guideline update. There are, however,
very few data regarding the utility of HBPM or ABPM as means of monitoring blood pressure control or as indicators of clinical outcome in treated
hypertension, compared with clinic blood pressure monitoring. Studies should
incorporate HBPM and/or ABPM to monitor blood pressure responses to
treatment and their usefulness as indicators of clinical outcomes.

4.2  Intervention thresholds for people aged under 40 with
hypertension 
In people aged under 40 years with hypertension, what are the appropriate
thresholds for intervention?
Why this is important
There is uncertainty about how to assess the impact of blood pressure
treatment in people aged under 40 years with stage 1 hypertension and no
overt target organ damage or cardiovascular disease (CVD). In particular, it is
not known whether those with untreated hypertension are more likely to
develop target organ damage and, if so, whether such damage is reversible.
Target organ damage and CVD as surrogate or intermediate disease markers
are the only indicators that are likely to be feasible in younger people because
traditional clinical outcomes are unlikely to occur in sufficient numbers over
the timescale of a typical clinical trial. The data will be important to inform
treatment decisions for younger people with stage 1 hypertension who do not
have overt target organ damage.

4.3  Methods of assessing lifetime cardiovascular risk in people aged under 40 years with hypertension

In people aged under 40 years with hypertension, what is the most accurate
method of assessing the lifetime risk of cardiovascular events and the impact
of therapeutic intervention on this risk?
Why this is important
Current short-term (10-year) risk estimates are likely to substantially
underestimate the lifetime cardiovascular risk of younger people (aged under
40 years) with hypertension, because short-term risk assessment is powerfully
influenced by age. Nevertheless, the lifetime risk associated with untreated
stage 1 hypertension in this age group could be substantial. Lifetime risk
assessments may be a better way to inform treatment decisions and evaluate
the cost effectiveness of earlier intervention with pharmacological therapy.

4.4  Optimal systolic blood pressure
In people with treated hypertension, what is the optimal systolic blood
pressure?
Why this is important
Data on optimal blood pressure treatment targets, particularly for systolic
blood pressure, are inadequate. Current guidance is largely based on the
blood pressure targets adopted in clinical trials but there have been no large
trials that have randomised people with hypertension to different systolic blood pressure targets and that have had sufficient power to examine clinical
outcomes.   
NICE clinical guideline 127 – Hypertension  25

4.5  Step 4 antihypertensive treatment
In adults with hypertension, which drug treatment (diuretic therapy versus
other step 4 treatments) is the most clinically and cost effective for step 4
antihypertensive treatment?
Why this is important
Although this guideline provides recommendations on the use of further
diuretic therapy for treatment at step 4 (resistant hypertension), they are
largely based on post-hoc observational data from clinical trials. More data are
needed to compare further diuretic therapies, for example a potassium-sparing diuretic with a higher-dose thiazide-like diuretic, and to compare
diuretic therapy with alternative treatment options at step 4 to define whether
further diuretic therapy is the best option. 

4.6  Automated blood pressure monitoring in people with atrial fibrillation
Which automated blood pressure monitors are suitable for people with
hypertension and atrial fibrillation?
Why this is important
Atrial fibrillation may prevent accurate blood pressure measurement with
automated devices. It would be valuable to know if this can be overcome.

5  Other versions of this guideline
5.1  Full guideline
The full guideline, ‘Hypertension: the clinical management of primary
hypertension in adults’ contains details of the methods and evidence used to
develop the guideline. It is published by the National Clinical Guideline Centre, and is available from our website
(www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG127/Guidance). 

NICE clinical guideline 127 – Hypertension  26
5.2  Quick reference guide
A quick reference guide for healthcare professionals is available from
www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG127/QuickRefGuide
For printed copies, phone NICE publications on 0845 003 7783 or email
publications@nice.org.uk (quote reference number N2636). 
5.3  NICE pathway
The recommendations from this guideline have been incorporated into a NICE
pathway, which is available from
http://pathways.nice.org.uk/pathways/hypertension 
5.4  ‘Understanding NICE guidance’
A summary for patients and carers (‘Understanding NICE guidance’) is
available from www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG127/PublicInfo
For printed copies, phone NICE publications on 0845 003 7783 or email
publications@nice.org.uk (quote reference number N2637). 
We encourage NHS and voluntary sector organisations to use text from this
booklet in their own information about primary hypertension.
6  Related NICE guidance
Published
  Chronic heart failure. NICE clinical guideline 108 (2010). Available from
www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG108
  Hypertension in pregnancy. NICE clinical guideline 107 (2010). Available
from www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG107
  Prevention of cardiovascular disease at population level. NICE public
health guidance 25 (2010). Available from www.nice.org.uk/guidance/PH25
  Type 2 diabetes. NICE clinical guideline 87 (2009). Available from
www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG87
  Medicines adherence. NICE clinical guideline 76 (2009). Available from
www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG76

NICE clinical guideline 127 – Hypertension  27
  Chronic kidney disease. NICE clinical guideline 73 (2008). Available from
www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG73
  Stroke. NICE clinical guideline 68 (2008). Available from
www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG68
  Lipid modification. NICE clinical guideline 67 (2008). Available from
www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG67
  Continuous positive airway pressure for the treatment of obstructive sleep
apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome. NICE technology appraisal guidance 139
(2008). Available from www.nice.org.uk/guidance/TA139
  MI: secondary prevention. NICE clinical guideline 48 (2007). Available from
www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG48
  Obesity. NICE clinical guideline 43 (2006). Available from
www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG43
  Atrial fibrillation. NICE clinical guideline 36 (2006). Available from
www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG36
Under development 
  Patient experience in adult NHS services: improving the experience of care
for people using adult NHS services. NICE clinical guideline. Publication
expected October 2011.
  Percutaneous transluminal radiofrequency sympathetic denervation of the
renal artery for resistant hypertension. NICE interventional procedure
guidance. Publication expected Autumn 2011.
7  Updating the guideline
NICE clinical guidelines are updated so that recommendations take into
account important new information. New evidence is checked 3 years after
publication, and healthcare professionals and patients are asked for their
views; we use this information to decide whether all or part of a guideline
needs updating. If important new evidence is published at other times, we
may decide to do a more rapid update of some recommendations. Please see
our website for information about updating the guideline. 

NICE clinical guideline 127 – Hypertension  28
Appendix A: The Guideline Development Groups,
National Collaborating Centres and NICE project team
Guideline Development Group (2011 update)
Bryan Williams (Chair)
Professor of Medicine, University of Leicester and University Hospitals of
Leicester NHS Trust 
Helen Williams
Consultant Pharmacist for Cardiovascular Disease, Southwark Health and
Social Care
Jane Northedge
Patient and carer member 
John Crimmins
General Practitioner, Vale of Glamorgan
Mark Caulfield
Professor of Clinical Pharmacology, Barts and the London School of Medicine
Michaela Watts
Hypertension Nurse Specialist, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge
Naomi Stetson
Primary Care Nurse, Watling Medical Centre, London
Richard McManus
Professor of Primary Care Cardiovascular Research, University of
Birmingham
Shelley Mason
Patient and carer member
Terry McCormack
General Practitioner, Spring Vale Medical Centre, North Yorkshire

NICE clinical guideline 127 – Hypertension  29
National Clinical Guideline Centre (2011 update)
Bernard Higgins
Clinical Director
Kate Lovibond
Senior Health Economist
Paul Miller
Senior Information Scientist
Rachel O’Mahony
Senior Research Fellow
Taryn Krause
Senior Project Manager/Research Fellow
NICE project team (2011 update)
Phil Alderson
Associate Director 
Sarah Dunsdon
Guideline Commissioning Manager
Andrew Gyton
Guideline Coordinator
Ruaraidh Hill
Technical Lead
Prashanth Kandaswamy
Health Economist
Judy McBride
Editor

NICE clinical guideline 127 – Hypertension  30
Guideline Development Group (2006 update)
Dr Bernard Higgins (Chair) 
Consultant Respiratory Physician, Freeman Hospital; Director, National
Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions 
Professor Morris Brown
Professor of Medicine, Cambridge University and Addenbrooke’s Hospital;
President, British Hypertension Society 
Dr Mark Davis
General Practitioner, West Yorkshire; Primary Care Cardiovascular Society 
Professor Gary Ford 
Consultant Stroke Physician, University of Newcastle and Freeman Hospital;
Royal College of Physicians 
Mr Colin Penney 
Patient and carer representative 
Ms Jan Procter-King 
Nurse Practitioner, West Yorkshire; Primary Care Cardiovascular Society 
Mrs Jean Thurston 
Patient and carer representative 
Professor Bryan Williams
Clinical Adviser; Professor of Medicine, University of Leicester School of
Medicine and University Hospitals Leicester NHS Trust 
National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions 
(2006 update) 
Ms Lina Bakhshi 
Information Scientist 
Mr Rob Grant 
Senior Project Manager/Medical Statistician, Royal College of Physicians 

NICE clinical guideline 127 – Hypertension  31
Mr Mike Hughes 
Health Services Research Fellow in Guideline Development 
Dr Ian Lockhart 
Health Services Research Fellow in Guideline Development 
Mr Leo Nherera 
Health Economist; Health Economics Fellow, Queen Mary, University of
London
Guideline Development Group (2004 guideline)
Ms Susan L Brent 
Acting Head of Prescribing Support, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Drug
and Therapeutics Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne 
Dr Paul Creighton
General Practitioner, Northumberland 
Dr William Cunningham
General Practitioner, Northumberland 
Dr Heather Dickinson 
Technical Support, Newcastle upon Tyne 
Dr Julie Eccles (Group Leader) 
General Practitioner, Tyne and Wear 
Professor Gary Ford 
Professor of Pharmacology of Old Age and Consultant Physician, Newcastle
upon Tyne 
Dr John Harley
General Practitioner, Stockton on Tees 
Ms Suzanne Laing
Nurse Practitioner, Tyne and Wear 

NICE clinical guideline 127 – Hypertension  32
Professor James Mason 
Methodologist and Technical Support, Newcastle upon Tyne 
Mr Colin Penney
Patient representative 
Dr Wendy Ross 
General Practitioner, Newcastle upon Tyne 
Mrs Jean Thurston 
Patient representative 
Professor Bryan Williams 
Professor of Medicine and Director, Cardiovascular Research Unit, Leicester  

NICE clinical guideline 127 – Hypertension  33
Appendix B: The Guideline Review Panels
The Guideline Review Panel is an independent panel that oversees the
development of the guideline and takes responsibility for monitoring
adherence to NICE guideline development processes. In particular, the panel
ensures that stakeholder comments have been adequately considered and
responded to. The panel includes members from the following perspectives:
primary care, secondary care, lay, public health and industry. 
Guideline Review Panel (2011 update)
Dr John Hyslop (Chair)
Consultant Radiologist, Royal Cornwall Hospital Trust
Mrs Sarah Fishburn
Lay member
Mr Kieran Murphy
Health Economics and Reimbursement Manager, Johnson & Johnson Medical
Devices & Diagnostics
Dr Ash Paul
Deputy Medical Director, Health Commission Wales
Guideline Review Panel (2006 update)
Dr Peter Rutherford (Chair) 
Senior Lecturer in Nephrology, University of Wales College of Medicine 
Dr John Harley 
General Practitioner, North Tees PCT 
Dr Rob Higgins 
Consultant in Renal and General Medicine, University Hospitals Coventry and
Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry 
Dr Kevork Hopayian 
General Practitioner, Suffolk 

NICE clinical guideline 127 – Hypertension  34
Dr Robert Walker
Clinical Director, West Cumbria Primary Care Trust 
Guideline Review Panel (2004 guideline)
Professor Mike Drummond (Chair)
Director, Centre for Health Economics (CHE), University of York
Dr Kevork Hopayian
General Practitioner, Suffolk
Mr Barry Stables
Patient/Lay representative
Dr Imogen Stephens
Joint Director of Public Health, Western Sussex Primary Care Trust
Dr Robert Walker
Clinical Director, West Cumbria Primary Care Trust


Appendix C: The algorithms
( ver documento original)                

 Mi comentario: creo que los datos más significativos son los siguientes
- la actualización del los conceptos de la Guía del 2004
- Tomar en cuenta las necesidades y preferencias de los pacientes
- El uso temprano y en estadios inciales de la monitarización ambilatoria de la PA
- La recomendación del uso de terápia combinada utilizando los diuréticos clortalidona e indapamida, éste último a mi criterio subutilizado, pero de una gram perfil farmacológico
- Utilizar la combinaciónde de IECAS o ARA en combinación con calcio antagonistas de manera más temprana
- Los algoritmos, que son una herramienta muy útil en el manejo de estos pacientes









 
Developed by the Newcastle Guideline Development and Research Unit and 
updated by the National Clinical Guideline Centre (formerly the National 
Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions) and the British Hypertension Society Hypertension 

jueves, 8 de septiembre de 2011

Controversias en el uso de Oxígeno en el IAM

Oxígeno en IAM
Cómo resultado de la controversia surgida en el tema, les adjunto dos revisiones recientes acerca del mismo en orden cronológico
Oxigenoterapia para el infarto agudo de miocardio
RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN
Se encontraron tres ensayos.Ninguno demostró que la oxigenoterapia en los pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM) es más beneficioso que perjudicial en base a medidas de resultado clínicas. Tanto en el metanálisis por intención de tratar (intention-to-treat) como el metanálisis de IAM confirmado, hubo más muertes entre los pacientes que recibieron oxígeno que entre los pacientes que respiraron aire. Sin embargo, la diferencia no alcanzó significación estadística y podría deberse simplemente al azar.No hubo diferencias ni clínica ni estadísticamente significativas en el uso de analgesia entre los dos tratamientos. No obstante, en el metanálisis del uso de analgésicos en los casos de IAM confirmado se encontró una heterogeneidad moderada (I2 = 54%), que desapareció en el análisis por intención de tratar. Aunque los dos estudios usados en el metanálisis tenían diferencias en su diseño (por ejemplo cegado versus abierto) y las tasas de deserción (mucho mayores en Wilson 1997), no pudo investigarse la heterogeneidad más en profundidad con solo dos ensayos.
Esta revisión presenta un cierto número de limitaciones.En primer lugar, se observa una dispersión sorprendente en las pruebas para apoyar esta práctica generalizada. No pudo determinarse si había sesgo de publicación con los métodos formales, ya que sólo se encontraron tres estudios. No puede excluirse la posibilidad de que haya estudios no publicados u otros estudios publicados, especialmente en idioma extranjero, que no fueron indexados en las bases de datos electrónicas buscadas.
En segundo lugar, la calidad de los estudios incluidos fue generalmente deficiente y el riesgo de sesgo fue alto para ambos en cuanto a las medidas de resultado principales.Dos de los estudios (Rawles 1976; Wilson 1997) no fueron recientes y se realizaron antes de las mejoras registradas en los últimos diez años en cuanto al diseño, la realización y la información de los ensayos.Por lo tanto, los resultados deben ser interpretados con cautela.
En tercer lugar, Rawles 1976 se realizó en la época anterior a la reperfusión (trombólisis o intervención coronaria percutánea [ICP]) y, por lo tanto, no puede ser aplicable en el contexto actual. Es más, las tasas de mortalidad de IAM han descendido en los 30 últimos años debido a los mejores tratamientos (Babaev 2005; Movahed 2009; Steg 2004), incluidos la reperfusión y el uso de tratamientos médicos como los betabloqueantes, la aspirina o los inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina.
Finalmente, la tasa de mortalidad global entre los participantes en control durante su estancia hospitalaria en los estudios incluidos fue de sólo un 1,7%.Esta tasa es inferior que la observada en los datos recopilados de manera sistemática en la actualidad (Babaev 2005; Movahed 2009). Si bien la explicación puede hallarse en el hecho de que se reclutó a los pacientes de riesgo más bajo, también podría deberse a un menor número de muertes en el brazo de control por cuestiones del azar (lo que habría contribuido a la diferencia evidente entre los grupos de oxígeno y control).
Conclusiones de los autores
Implicaciones para la práctica
Las pruebas en esta área son escasas, de calidad deficiente y anteriores a los adelantos en las técnicas de reperfusión y los métodos de los ensayos. La evidencia disponible sugiere efectos perjudiciales pero carece de poder estadístico, por lo que podría deberse al azar.Las pruebas actuales ni apoyan ni refutan claramente el uso sistemático del oxígeno en los pacientes con IAM.
Implicaciones para la investigación
Hacia 1950, se demostró que la administración de oxígeno puro por máscara facial no sólo no logró reducir la duración del dolor anginoso sino también prolongó los cambios electrocardiográficos indicativos de un IAM (Russek 1950). Este resultado requería una investigación adicional, más de 30 años atrás (Salzman 1975). Como Rawles 1976 posteriormente sugirió un posible efecto perjudicial, sorprende que no se haya realizado un estudio definitivo para descartar la posibilidad de que los efectos perjudiciales del oxígeno puedan superar a los beneficios.
El motivo parcial de la falta de financiación de este tipo de estudio fundamental puede buscarse en una fuerte creencia a priori (Cabello 2009; Danchin 2009), basada en el razonamiento fisiopatológico, de que la administración de oxígeno deba reducir tanto el déficit de oxígeno en el tejido miocárdico isquémico como la muerte tisular consiguiente. En efecto, tanto para los profesionales como para la población general es tan común el uso del oxígeno que se piensa habitualmente que si no es efectivo, al menos no va a ocasionar ningún daño.
Se considera necesario un ensayo controlado aleatorio para establecer la efectividad de, o el daño de, la administración del oxígeno a los pacientes con IAM. A pesar de las razones fisiopatológicas para creer que puede reducir el daño tisular, es también posible desde el punto de vista biológico que el oxígeno cause efectos perjudiciales (ver anteriormente “Por qué es importante realizar esta revisión”).
No se tiene conocimiento de que se esté realizando algún estudio de investigación o ensayo en curso que aborde la pregunta de si el uso sistemático del oxígeno en el IAM alivie el dolor o la muerte. Dados el uso generalizado del oxígeno en el IAM, la incongruencia en las recomendaciones acerca de cuándo y a quién debe administrarse y el hecho que las mejores pruebas actuales indican la posibilidad de efectos perjudiciales, debe aclararse esta incertidumbre lo antes posible.
Bibliografía:
Cabello J, Burls A, Emparanza J, Bayliss S, Quinn T. Oxigenoterapia para el infarto agudo de miocardio. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010 Issue 6. Art. No.: CD007160. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007160

Oxígeno en IM: ¿más daño que beneficio?
6 de septiembre de 2011
the hearth.org

(Artículo original en inglés, heartwire; 29 ago. 2011) Paris, Francia — Después de escuchar la evidencia científica, un mayor número de cardiólogos cree que el oxígeno es más perjudicial que útil en pacientes con IM, según una encuesta entre el auditorio del Congreso de la European Society of Cardiology (ESC) 2011. A pesar de esto, casi todos los asistentes dijeron que todavía se administra oxígeno en forma sistemática a todos los pacientes con IM en sus hospitales.

Si bien todos parecen estar de acuerdo en que es necesario un estudio a gran escala, considerando el papel protagonista de la administración de oxígeno, el Dr. José López-Sendón (Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, España) señaló que se dificultaría llevar a cabo tal estudio porque en una situación de urgencia sería difícil obtener el consentimiento de un paciente para participar en un estudio en el cual podría no obtener un tratamiento que por mucho tiempo se ha supuesto que es útil.
Sin embargo, después que se plantearon todos los argumentos en pro y en contra del uso de oxígeno, hubo un casi un unánime «sí» del auditorio cuando el presidente de la sesión, el Dr. Salim Yusuf (McMaster University, Hamilton, ON) les preguntó si estarían de acuerdo en participar en tal estudio si fuesen pacientes con un IM.
Los dos encargados del debate tuvieron dificultades para analizar los datos en pro y en contra del empleo de oxígeno, ya que se han efectuado escasos estudios y los que se han realizado carecen del tamaño y la calidad para generar información significativa. Si bien en la actualidad se está planificando un estudio en 300 pacientes, el Dr. Yusuf dijo que éste no era lo suficientemente extenso. Añadió: «Necesitamos un estudio de 10.000 pacientes, no uno de 300».
Necesitamos un estudio de 10.000 pacientes, no uno de 300 — Dr. Yusuf
El Dr. López-Sendón hizo notar que en una encuesta reciente 98% de los profesionales sanitarios dijeron que administraban sistemáticamente oxígeno a pacientes con IM porque que era plausible: «La isquemia de miocardio es por falta de oxígeno de manera que es lógico administrarlo».
Hizo notar que si bien se dispone de escasos datos congruentes que respalden el empleo de oxígeno en los pacientes con IM, una encuesta reciente reveló que 55% de los profesionales sanitarios consideraban que el oxígeno reduce la mortalidad en estas circunstancias y sólo 1,3% dijo que pensaban que podría ser nocivo. Señaló que el procedimiento también brindaba la percepción a los pacientes y a los médicos de que se estaba haciendo algo útil, lo cual mitigaba la ansiedad. Además, la mayor parte de las directrices recomiendan la administración de oxígeno a los pacientes con IM.
Al analizar la evidencia científica, el Dr. López-Sendón dijo que era contradictoria y que algunos estudios señalaban que el oxígeno disminuía los cambios en el segmento ST, la necesidad de analgésicos, la hipoxemia grave y el tamaño del infarto, en tanto que otros estudios han señalado que aumenta la resistencia vascular coronaria y la frecuencia cardiaca y disminuye el gasto cardiaco.

Lavado de cerebro
Las sanguijuelas y las ventosas no matan a los pacientes, pero el oxígeno sí puede hacerlo — Dr. Lotan
Asumiendo el punto de vista antagónico, el Dr. Chaim Lotan (Universidad Hebrea Hadassah, Jerusalén, Israel) dijo que «cada vez hay más datos que nos indican no utilizar el oxígeno en pacientes con IM».

Arguyó: «Se nos ha lavado el cerebro para utilizar oxígeno», pero datos recientes indican que produce efectos nocivos los cuales son mediados principalmente por la vasoconstricción de las arterias coronarias». «Antes de comenzar a analizar los datos, no entendía cuánto daño estábamos causando con la administración de oxígeno».
Se han llevado a cabo sólo tres estudios aleatorizados sobre el oxígeno en pacientes con IM. Según lo comunicó heartwire, el Dr. Lotan hizo notar que un metanálisis reciente de estos estudios en una revisión de Cochrane demostró que el procedimiento se acompaña de un incremento de tres tantos en la mortalidad. Terminó diciendo: «El oxígeno está matando a pacientes. Es un fármaco y se debiera valorar como tal».
Sin embargo, el Dr. López-Sendón señaló que los tres estudios incluidos en el análisis tenían limitaciones graves y que sólo ocurrieron 13 muertes en total. «Esto no es suficiente para modificar el procedimiento. No tenemos muchos datos en uno u otro sentido que demuestren la utilidad o el perjuicio».
El Dr. Lotan añadió que el oxígeno era uno de los diversos procedimientos no basados en evidencia científica — incluidas las sanguijuelas y las ventosas — que se han utilizado en pacientes con IM. «Las sanguijuelas y las ventosas no matan a los pacientes, pero el oxígeno sí puede hacerlo».
Bibliografía:
Sue Hughes. Oxígeno en IM: ¿más daño que beneficio?. theheart.org. [International Editions > Spanish Edition > Sections > Noticias de heartwire > Desde heartwire]; 6 sep 2011. Accedido en http://www.theheart.org/article/1273677.do en 8 sep 2011

Mi comentario:
Estoy de acuerdo  en que aún tenemos en medicina algunas áreas que por su uso rutinario fueron olvidadas y no han sido adecuadamente investigadas, sino que nos basamos en estudios viejos y no adecuadamente documentados, sobre todo sin evidencias científicas adecuadas, por lo que creo que es muy importante, sobre todo como llamada de atención a los investigadores, una revisión de nuestras actuaciones y en base a que las estamos realizando… ¿se recuerdan de la cantidad de años que pasamos sin tener estudios recientes acerca de las dosis de insulina en los diabéticos?